Size distribution and mixing state of black carbon particles during a heavy air pollution episode in Shanghai

A Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS), a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) and various meteorological instruments were employed to investigate the chemical and physical properties of black carbon (BC) aerosols during a regional air pollution episode in urban Shanghai over a 5-day period in December 2013. The refractory black carbon (rBC) mass concentrations measured by SP2 averaged 3.2 μg m, with the peak value of 12.1 μg m at 04:26 LT on 7 December. The number of BC-containing particles captured by SPAMS in the size range 200–1200 nm agreed very well with that detected by SP2 (R = 0.87). A cluster analysis of the single particle mass spectra allowed for the separation of BC-containing particles into five major classes: (1) Pure BC; (2) BC attributed to biomass burning (BBBC); (3) K-rich BC-containing (KBC); (4) BC internally mixed with OC and ammonium sulfate (BCOC-SOx); (5) BC internally mixed with OC and ammonium nitrate (BCOC-NOx). The size distribution of internally mixed BC particles was bimodal. Detected by SP2, the condensation mode peaked around ∼ 230 nm and droplet mode peaked around ∼ 380 nm, with a clear valley in the size distribution around ∼ 320 nm. The condensation mode mainly consisted of traffic emissions, with particles featuring a small rBC core (∼ 60–80 nm) and a relatively thin absolute coating thickness (ACT,∼ 50–130 nm). The droplet mode included highly aged traffic emission particles and biomass burning particles. The biomass burning particles had a larger rBC core (∼ 80– 130 nm) and a thick ACT (∼ 110–300 nm). The highly aged traffic emissions had a smaller core (∼ 60–80 nm) and a very thick ACT (∼ 130–300 nm), which is larger than reported in any previous literature. A fast growth rate (∼ 20 nm h) of rBC with small core sizes was observed during the experiment. High concentrations pollutants like NO2 likely accelerated the aging process and resulted in a continuous size growth of rBC-containing particles from traffic emission.